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When the DSN communicates with Cassini, the pair have much to say. A narrow signal is stronger than one that’s spread out, but also only works well if it’s pointed the right direction, and the solar system doesn’t stand still, which presents a problem. But the antennas in the DSN have just one listener at a time, so they use their bowl-like shape to focus signals into a beam, like a spotlight.
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Signals from powerful radio stations on Earth fade if you drive a few dozen miles from the transmitter because their signal is spread out to reach as large an audience as possible. That’s in the neighborhood of the wattage of a big-city FM radio station. “Normally, it’s an 18,000-watt transmission going up to the spacecraft,” Doody said. Then, in a nearby building, the signal is converted into science and engineering data.īut while Cassini and other spacecraft transmit only a weak signal to Earth, the DSN transmits to spacecraft not in a trickle, but a blast. When Cassini’s signal arrives at a DSN antenna, the signal bounces off the antenna’s collecting dish, whose shape focuses the signal up to the reflector (the thing supported by long arms of scaffolding above the dish), which in turn reflects the now concentrated signal down into a narrow opening in the center of the collecting dish. That’s just enough electricity to power a kitchen blender, and only part of that power can be used for communication with Earth nearly 900 million miles away. Pump Up the VolumeĪll of Cassini’s hardware - its science instruments, propulsion system, computers, radio communication system and more - share electricity from the spacecraft’s power source, which produces about 600 watts. The vast size of the DSN’s antennas, along with amplifiers cooled to near absolute zero, allow them to detect and collect weak radio signals, which is important because Cassini barely whispers. In principle, every NASA spacecraft in the solar system and beyond always has a line of sight with some part of the DSN.Įach DSN complex has one radio antenna that measures 70 meters (230 feet) in diameter, several that measure 34 meters (112 feet) in diameter, and one antenna measuring 26 meters (85 feet) in diameter, so that each site can communicate with several spacecraft at once. Each complex is approximately 120 degrees of longitude from the other two, providing the DSN with 360-degree coverage of outer space. The DSN has three sites around the globe - near Madrid, Spain Canberra, Australia and Goldstone, California. That concrete and steel takes the form of the monstrous, dish-shaped radio antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN). “But they’re no good without thousands of tons of concrete and steel,” he said. “They’re just little cities of engineering, all in a tiny little package,” said Dave Doody, leader of the Cassini mission’s real-time operations team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. They have their own power supply, attitude control system, science instruments, and a communications system with a radio antenna for communicating with Earth.
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But by necessity, spacecraft must also be fully self-contained. Like NASA’s other spacecraft traveling beyond Earth orbit, Cassini would be unable to share its astounding discoveries with Earth if not for the Deep Space Network, a global collection of radio antennas that listen and talk to NASA’s fleet of spacecraft exploring the solar system.įrom the moment humans started launching things into space, engineers have tried to make spacecraft as light and compact as possible so that rockets can heave them far from Earth.